IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Center (ICPAC)

Monthly Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Monthly Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Dekadal (10 days) Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Dekadal (10 days) Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Dekadal (10 days) Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Monthly Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Dekadal (10 days) Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Monthly Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Monthly Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Dekadal(10days) Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Dekadal(10days) Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

Monthly Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) as implemented in the East Africa Drought Watch, and which is used for detecting and monitoring areas that either are affected or have the potential to be affected by meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological drought.

This layer shows the movement path of 2020 Tropical Cyclone Gati in Somalia. TC Gati originated from the Bay of Bengal and became the strongest ever documented tropical storm to hit Somalia. It made landfall at Ras Hafun (Northeast of Somalia) with maximum sustained winds of 170Km/hr and was classified as a Category 2 storm. Tropical Cyclone Gati was the strongest storm ever recorded in the northern Indian Ocean and wreaked unimaginable damage on people and property. GATI left a trail of destruction across Bari and Sanaag regions of Somalia, disproportionately affecting coastal communities. Authorities estimated about 180,000 people (30,000 households) to have been affected in Puntland Regional State, with 42,000 people (7,000 households) displaced and at least eight people killed and unknown number injured, with considerable damage reported to infrastructure, livelihoods, and social services (telecommunication, electricity, roads, schools). Resultant flooding burst the sewerage system and increased the risk of diseases among the affected population. The worst hit areas were Baargaal, Foocaar, Garduush, Hurdiya, and Xaafuun, Foocaar, Garduush and Garan Hoose were worst hit villages in the Indian Ocean, Bosaso / Qandala in the Gulf of Aden, and Baarmadowe. 

This layer shows movement path of 2019 Tropical Cyclone Pawan in Somalia. A Tropical Storm initially named 06A formed in the northern Indian Ocean and later developed into a Tropical Cyclone named Pawan after sustaining wind speeds of more than 39mph (48kph) and heavy rain for two days. TC Pawan spread its clouds as far northwest as Oman and Yemen on its way to Somalia. It made landfall in Somalia on 7th December 2019 on the Coastal side of Puntland (Bossaso, Garowe).   The worst hit areas by 2019 TC Pawan included Nugaal Region (Eyl and Dangorayo Districts), Karkaar (Qardho District) and Bari Region (Alula, Iskushuban, and Baargaal Districts) who are under Garowe Somalia Red Crescent Society (SRCS) Branch) and the Coastal villages of Hafun, Iskushuban, Baargaal, Quandala and Alula Districts in Bari Region (under Bosasso SRCS Branch). Other areas affected include the coastal villages in Bari Region including Hafun, Iskushuban, Baargaal, Quandala and Alula districts. Most affected households needed urgent humanitarian assistance as they were already living in dire conditions prior to the crisis. The destruction and flooding caused by TC Pawan increased the vulnerability of communities and heightened the impact of the ever -challenging climatic extremes. The assessment estimated that 35,600 households, representing a population of 213,600 people had been affected. The assessment further estimated the affected population to represented 60-70% of the entire Bari and Nugaal Regions.

This layer shows the movement path of 2018 Tropical Cyclone Sagar. Cyclone Sagar made landfall in north-western Somaliland on 19 May, 2018. It was a very rare cyclone in the Gulf of Aden. The storm moved with wind gusts of up to 120 km/hour that delivered a year’s worth of rain to some areas, that is between 150 and 200mm in some parts of the north. UNICEF was among the first to respond following the powerful tropical cyclone which caused death and widespread destruction in Hargeisa, Somaliland. As per UNICEF reports, some 170,000 were affected by Cyclone Sagar which hit the coast of north-western Somaliland and Djibouti on 18th May 2018 bringing heavy rains leading to flooding and adverse impacts. On 19th May 2018, Cyclone Sagar made landfall in western Somaliland, impacting close to 170,000 people, mainly in Awdal region. The floods in the south and the cyclone in the north destroyed crops, destroyed shelters and social service infrastructure, including water, health, nutrition, and education facilities. The Somaliland authorities estimated 50 people died and seven were still missing. In Somaliland, at least 16 people died in Galbeed and Awdal, where the cyclone made landfall. Three quarters of the livestock were killed along with major damage of water systems and health facilities and 39 schools were damaged or destroyed with a major impact on children.   By the end of 2018, more than 5.7 million people required basic health services, including critical needs in maternal and child health.

This layer shows the movement path for 2015 Tropical Cyclone Megh. Following Tropical Cyclone Chapala, new tropical cyclone Megh originated from the Arabian Sea causing even more rains in parts of Bari region in Puntland and Somaliland. The storm produced a maximum windspeed of 110knots. Areas affected included: Af Kalahay, Alula, Bareda, BiyoCade, Boolimoog, Dhurbo, Fagoora, Geesalay, Murcanyo, Sayn Weyn, Sayn Yar, Toxin and Xaabo. Re-estimated population figures after Tropical Megh, showed 4.9 million people were in need of assistance, 308,700 children under-5 were acutely malnourished, of which 55,800 were severely malnourished and 1.1 million remain in a protracted internal displacement situation.

This layer shows the movement path of 2015 Tropical Cyclone Chapala. On Monday 2 November 2015, Tropical Cyclone Chapala made a landfall in Yemen; however, its effects were also felt across the Gulf of Aden in Somalia where extensive rainfall was experienced in the Northern Bari region in Bosaso district, Puntland. The storm reached maximum wind speed of 130knots.  According to a joint inter-agency rapid assessment more than 500 families (4,000 people) were affected by Tropical Cyclones Chapala and Megh, most affected lived in Gardaful Region, Puntland. No human loss of life was reported, but the rainfall and waves destroyed people’s homes, washed fishing boats and nets, killed livestock (an estimated 3,000 sheep and goats, as well as 200 camels) and caused damage/destruction to public infrastructure including hospitals, roads and schools. It was also estimated that 4,000 people were displaced, with 1,129 people being worst affected, having lost their homes and livelihoods (business, fishing boats, engines and nets), which were swept away by waves. It was reported that there had been extensive damage/destruction to people’s livelihoods, with 80 per cent of villages in Alula and 60 per cent of villages in Af Kalahay Bareda, BiyoCade, Boolimoog, Dhurbo, Fagoora, Geesalay, Murcanyo, Murcanyo, Sayn Weyn, Sayn Yar, Toxiin and Xaabo experiencing loss of livestock and damage to crops and fisheries.  

This layer shows the movement path of Tropical Cyclone 03A. 2013 TC03A formed off the north-east coast of Somalia across the Indian Ocean, moving directly towards the coast of the country in the following days. The storm produced a wind speed of 74 kph (46 mph) and (100-200)mm of rain. It caused heavy rains with flooding and gale force winds in the Somali region of Puntland. The cyclone caused loss of human lives and the destruction of assets including livestock and fishing boats, destroyed numerous settlements, service centers, roads, schools, communication and electrical installations. The most affected areas included, Dangorayo, Bandar Beyla, Garowe and Eyl districts. Other areas affected include the coastal villages in Bari region including Hafun, Iskushuban, Bargal, Qandala and Allula districts.  It was estimated that overall, 142,380 persons were affected by the disasters, with 8,523 households being worst hit and 1,435 households having lost all their livestock. It was also reported that there were approximately 80 deaths mostly of children and the elderly who were most vulnerable to hypothermia and exposure. Makeshift structures for pastoralists were conspicuously absent or just frames, likely destroyed or damaged by high winds and rains. Numerous water sources were flooded, no longer serviceable or contaminated in some areas. There were unconfirmed disease outbreaks and contamination of water sources from decaying animal remains. Thousands of livestock were reported dead as a consequence of icy rain, which was noted in the aerial assessment. FAO estimated 800,000 livestock were in the affected area. Anecdotal evidence suggested a less than 10 per cent survival rate for livestock in the hardest hit areas.

This layer shows the movement path of 2012 TC Murjan. The cyclonic storm, Murjan formed over the south Arabian Sea in association with an active inter tropical convergence zone during last week of October 2012. It was the first cyclone over the north Indian Ocean during this year. Moving west southwestwards, it crossed Somalia's coast between 1700 and 1800 UTC of 25th October near lat. 9.80N and 50.80E. Though the Ocean Heat Content was less over the southwest Arabian Sea (50-80 KJ/cm2) and further less near Somalia's coast (less than 50 KJ/cm2) as well as SST (26-280C), the system could maintain its intensity of cyclonic storm till landfall, basically due to low to moderate vertical wind shear.   After the landfall, due to land interaction, it weakened into a deep depression over coastal Somalia at 1800 UTC of 25th October. It further weakened into a depression over Somalia in the morning of 26th October while moving west-southwest wards.  

This layer shows the path followed by Tropical Cyclone Bandu. Early on Saturday, 22 May 2010, Tropical Storm 02A moved into the Gulf of Aden and was named "Bandu." At that time, Bandu had maximum sustained winds near 45 knots (52 mph) and was 50 miles north-northwest of Cape Guardafui, Somalia. The storm hit Bari Region in northern Somalia, resulting in flooding and displacement of approximately 12,000 people. TC Bandu quickly dissipated because of cooler waters, higher wind shear and drier air in the Gulf of Aden. It curved southwest and made landfall in northeast Somalia On May 26, OCHA reported flooding in parts of Belet Weyne town, Hiran Region, due to embankment breaches along the Shabelle River as a result of 2010 TC Bandu, displacing an estimated 17,000 people. According to the FAO Somalia Water and Land Information Management Project (SWALIM), flooding also damaged crops and resulted in the displacement of a combined population of nearly 2,000 people in Jamaame town, Lower Juba Region, as well as Afgooye and Kurtunwaarey districts, Lower Shabelle Region.

2020 Tropical Cyclone Gati struck a couple of Somalia Districts including Ceerigaabo, Ceel Afweyn, Laasqoray, Bossaso, Bandarbeyla, Caluula, Qandala and Qardho District. On November 22-23, 2020 TC Gati made landfall in northern Somalia, becoming the first hurricane-equivalent storm to hit the Horn of Africa. TC Gati originated from the Bay of Bengal. It made landfall at Ras Hafun (Northeast of Somalia) with maximum sustained winds of 170Km/hr. By 25 November 2020, TC GATI had dissipated but it left trail of destruction across Bari and Sanaag regions. Somalia villages struck by the storm included Bargaal, Gumbax, Caluula, Qandala, Lasqoray, Hadaaftimo, Badhan, Qardho, Waaciye, Ceel Dofaar, Iskushuban, Bilke, Bandarbyla, Baar-Madobe, Xaafuun, Hordio, Handa, Itaageer, Ahable, Dhaankadus, Dul Xaafuun, Dardaare, Garan, Baarmadowe, Hurdiya, Foocaar, Afdhicin, Haluula, Kurduush, , Taageer and Xandha. Tropical Cyclone Gati was the strongest storm ever recorded in the northern Indian Ocean and wreaked unimaginable damage on people and property. GATI left a trail of destruction across Bari and Sanaag regions of Somalia, disproportionately affecting coastal communities. Authorities estimated 180,000 people (30,000 households) had been affected in Puntland Regional State, with 42,000 people (7,000 households) displaced and at least eight people killed and unknown number injured, with considerable damage reported to infrastructure, livelihoods, and social services (telecommunication, electricity, roads, schools). Resultant flooding burst sewerage system and increased the risk of diseases among the affected population. The worst hit areas were Baargaal, Foocaar, Garduush, Hurdiya, and Xaafuun, Foocaar, Garduush and Garan Hoose were worst hit villages in the Indian Ocean, Bosaso and Qandala in the Gulf of Aden, and Baarmadowe.

2019 Tropical Cyclone Pawan struck Eyl and Qurdho Districts in Somalia. TC Pawan was intially named Tropical Storm 06A which originated from northern Indian Ocean. TC Pawan spread its clouds as far northwest as Oman and Yemen on its way to Somalia as observed by NASA Worldview, Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). It made landfall in Somalia on 7th December 2019 on the Coastal side of Puntland. The storm influenced Somalia's weather patterns. Heavy rain and wind gusts of 80 km/h were reported in the region. Somali Water and Land Information Management (SWALIM) said some areas in Puntland recorded more than 3 times their long term mean annual rainfall during the storm. Eyl District recorded a total of 260mm in two days. Villages struck by the storm include Dangorayo, Karkaar, Hafun, Iskushuban, Baargaal, Quandala and Alula in Bari Region. 2019 TC Pawan had adverse impacts on Somalia. It was reported that 35,600 households, representing a population of 213,600 people had been affected. 2 people died following floods in Las Qoray (Sanaag Region). Roads connecting the town to the rest of the region were damaged. In central Somalia, River Shabelle flooded displacing over 1,500 people. Summary of impacts according to affected districts: Eyl,Qardho, Qandala: People Affected: 213600 (35600 HH) i.e. pastoralists 15,000 HH, fishing communities 7500 HH, rural-urban settlements 11600 HH including IDPs, farmers 1500 HH Household destroyed: 31500 (5250 households)  

2018 Tropical Cyclone Saga struck several districts in Somalia. These include Bai, Lughaye, Zeylac, Laasqoray, Bossaso, Caluula, Iskushuban, Qardho and Garoowe District. TC Sagar originated from Yemen where it had caused flooding and wind damage. On 19 May, 2018 TC Sagar made landfall in north-western Somaliland. It moved with wind gusts of up to 120 km/hour that delivered a year’s worth of rain to some areas that is between 150 and 200mm in some parts of the north.  Villages struck by the storm include Lughaya, Zeila, Baki, Bareeda, Caluula, Murcanyo, Gumbax and Xaabo. On 19 May, TC Sagar made landfall in western Somaliland, impacting close to 170,000 people, mainly in Awdal region. The storm destroyed crops, shelters and social service infrastructure, including water, health, nutrition, and education facilities. The Somaliland authorities estimated 50 people died and seven were still missing. In Somaliland, at least 16 people died in Galbeed and Awdal, where the cyclone made landfall. Three quarters of the livestock were killed along with major damage of water systems and health facilities and 39 schools were damaged or destroyed with a major impact on children.    Summary of the storm's impacts according to districts: Galbeed, Laasqoray, Qardho, Ishkushban, Bossaso, Garowe People displaced: 1,780 families People affected: 669,000 Houses destroyed: 80 families Death: 52 People Injured: 12 Missing persons: 27(Mainland) and 4(Fishermen) Disrupted services: 5 in Bossaso and Garoowe  Bareeda, Caluula, Murcanyo, Gumbax, and some parts of Xaabo People Missing: In Puntland 35 houses, 15 small boats. In Tawakal, 220 improvised houses for IDPS were washed away. 30 boats in Caluula and 20 small boats in Bosaso seaport. In Berber 125 families. In Ceel Sheekh, 15 shelters destroyed. Livestock lost: In Puntland 56 camels, nearly 1,260 goats and sheep and 19 donkeys died.

2015 TC Megh struck Berbera and Bossaso Districts in Somalia. The storm orignated from the Arabian Sea causing even more rains in parts of Bari region in Puntland and Somaliland. On November 9, 2015 just days after TC Chapala, TC Megh passed 57 km (36 mi) north of Cape Guardafui, Somalia, where it dropped heavy rainfall 300% of the annual average. Eyl reported 160 mm (6.3 in) of rainfall over 24 hours.  The villages hitted in the two districts included, Af Kalahay, Alula, Bareda, BiyoCade, Boolimoog, Dhurbo, Fagoora, Geesalay, Murcanyo, Sayn Weyn, Sayn Yar, Toxin, Xaabo, Baargaal, Bander, Bareeda, Butiyaal, Caluula, Murcanyo, Qandalla, Xaabo and some parts of Xaafun, Biyacad, Bulahar, Ceelsheik and Shacable  TC Megh damaged roads, crops, and schools. Re-estimated population figures after Tropical Megh, showed 4.9 million people were in need of assistance, 308,700 children under-5 were acutely malnourished, of which 55,800 were severely malnourished and 1.1 million remain in a protracted internal displacement situation. Summary of impacts include: People affected: 132,000 People Displace: 3,000 Worst hit people: 800 Destroyed houses: 1,129

This layer show two Somalia Districts struck by 2015 Tropical Cyclone Chapala, Berbera and Bossaso Districts. On November 2, 2015 TC Chapala entered the Gulf of Aden in Somalia as the strongest tropical cyclone on record. 2015 TC Chapala prduced maximum wind speeds of 130knots. It brought rainfall in Northern Bari Region in Bossaso Districts. The villages struck within the recorded districts include, Baargaal, Bander, Bareeda, Butiyaal, Caluula, Murcanyo, Qandalla, Xaabo, Biycad, Bulahar, Ceelsheik, Shacable, Xaafun. According to a joint inter-agency rapid assessment more than 500 families (4,000 people) were affected by Tropical Cyclones Chapala and Megh, most affected lived in Gardaful Region, Puntland. No human loss of life was reported, but the rainfall and waves destroyed people’s homes, washed fishing boats and nets, killed livestock (an estimated 3,000 sheep and goats, as well as 200 camels) and caused damage/destruction to public infrastructure including hospitals, roads and schools. It was estimated that 4,000 people had been displaced, with 1,129 people being worst affected, having lost their homes and livelihoods (business, fishing boats, engines and nets), which were swept away by waves. It was reported that there had been extensive damage/destruction to people’s livelihoods, with 80 per cent of villages in Alula and 60 per cent of villages in Af Kalahay Bareda, BiyoCade, Boolimoog, Dhurbo, Fagoora, Geesalay, Murcanyo, Murcanyo, Sayn Weyn, Sayn Yar, Toxiin and Xaabo experiencing loss of livestock and damage to crops and fisheries.